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The Mother or the Baby Who Should Be Saved

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Procedure of giving upward ane's child

Child abandonment is the do of relinquishing interests and claims over one'southward offspring in an illegal way, with the intent of never resuming or reasserting guardianship.[1] The phrase is typically used to describe the concrete abandonment of a child, but it can also include astringent cases of neglect and emotional abandonment, such equally when parents fail to provide financial and emotional support for children over an extended menses of time.[1] An abandoned child is referred to as a foundling (as opposed to a runaway or an orphan).[i] Baby dumping refers to parents leaving a child younger than 12 months in a public or private place with the intent of terminating their care for the child.[1] It is also known as rehoming when adoptive parents use illegal means, such as the internet, to discover new homes for their children.[2] [3] [iv]

In most cases, child abandonment is classified under a subsection of child abuse statutes and is punishable as a felony. Child abandonment is a Form 4 felony. A second or subsequent criminal offense after a prior confidence is a Form 3 felony. Each state within the U.s.a. can categorize "neglect" or "abandonment" differently within their ain specified judicial system that allows them to allocate the law-breaking to a more acute, stricter level. In a normal state of affairs, after a following conviction, one or both guardians forfeit their parental rights, terminating their relationship with the child.[5] Following conviction, one or both guardians forfeit their parental rights, terminating their relationship with the child.[vi] Some states allow for reinstatement of the parents' relationships with their abandoned children;[half-dozen] notwithstanding, it is unlikely the parents can regain custody.[vi] [ unreliable source? ] Perpetrators can also be charged with reckless abandonment if victims die every bit a result of their actions or neglect.[1] [ unreliable source? ]Out of 491,710 victims of abuse and face maltreatment 74.ix% are neglected, according to a statistical assay in 2019. The way in which the data is interpreted is vital to how the statistical analysis is developed and presented. In order to obtain true statistical significance the definition of what child neglect is needs to be stated. These statistics that were present were based on the information provided on the bases that child maltreatment should be banished and stopped.[7] [eight]

Causes [edit]

  • Poverty and homelessness are often causes of child abandonment. People living in countries with poor social welfare systems (i.e. China, Myanmar, the Us, United mexican states) and who are not financially capable of taking intendance of a child are more likely to abandon their children because of a lack of resource.[9] [10] In some cases the parents already have a child or children, but are unable to take care of another child at that time.[10]
  • In societies where women are looked down upon for being teenage or unmarried mothers, child abandonment is more mutual.[9] [10]
  • Children built-in out of the confines of marriage may exist abased in a family unit's attempt to forestall being shamed by their community.[xi]
  • Physical disability, mental affliction, and substance abuse problems that parents are facing tin can as well crusade them to abandon their children.[9] [10]
  • Children who are born with congenital disorders or other wellness complications may be abandoned if their parents feel unequipped to provide them with the level of intendance that their condition requires.[9] [ten] [12] [13]
  • In cultures where the sex of the child is of utmost importance, parents are more likely to carelessness a baby of the undesired sexual practice.[14] Similarly, people may choose to pursue the often controversial option of sex-selective abortion.[15]
  • Political weather condition, such equally war and displacement of a family, are as well cause for parents to carelessness their children.[11]
  • Additionally, a parent beingness incarcerated or deported can event in the involuntary abandonment of a child, even if the parent(s) did not voluntarily relinquish their parental function.[sixteen] [17]
  • Disownment of a child is a form of abandonment which entails ending contact with, and back up for, one's dependent. Disownment tends to occur afterward in a child's life, generally due to a conflict between the parent(s) and the child, but tin also occur when children are however young. Reasons include: divorce of parents, discovering the true paternity of a child, and a child'south actions bringing shame to a family; most normally, breaking the police, teenage pregnancy, major religious or ideological differences, and identifying as LGBT.[16] [18] [xix] [20] [21] [22] [23]

Furnishings on survivors [edit]

  • Possibility of experiencing abuse and neglect in institutionalized care[24]
  • Low self-esteem stemming from feelings of guilt about being at error for being abandoned[25]
  • Separation anxiety: feelings of feet about being separated from parents or caregivers[25]
  • Zipper issues: difficulty condign emotionally attached to and trusting other people, especially caregivers[26]
  • Abandonment issues, characteristic of abased child syndrome, including social alienation, guilt, anxiety, clinginess, insomnia and nightmares, eating disorders, anger issues, depression, substance abuse, and traumatic reenactment through romantic relationships[27] [28] [29] [thirty]
  • Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), referred to every bit posttraumatic stress disorder of abandonment.[31]
  • Depending upon the severity of their symptoms, children who take adult certain maladjusted tendencies in social interaction may be diagnosed with reactive zipper disorder or disinhibited social engagement disorder.[32]
  • For children who are abandoned in unsafe places, such every bit dumpsters, doorsteps, and other public areas, exposure to the elements and physical injury are distinct possibilities.[33]

Financial cost [edit]

In 2015, information technology toll the Us' government over $9 billion to support 427,910 children who were in foster care.[34]

Child abandonment laws [edit]

Child abandonment is illegal in the United States, and depending upon the facts of the case and laws of the land in which information technology occurs could be prosecuted as a misdemeanor or felony criminal law-breaking.[35]

Prevention [edit]

  • Providing admission to sex education and to family unit planning resources, similar contraception, and abortion tin can assistance forestall people who cannot take care of, or do not desire to raise, children from condign pregnant in the first place.[10]
  • Evidence has shown that, when bans on abortion are lifted, the number of abandoned, driveling, and neglected children goes down in response.[36] [37] However, access is an effect. In the U.s., 87% of all counties, and 97% of all rural counties, practice not take any access to abortion services.[38]
  • Governmental assist can exist provided in the form of parental counseling, mail service-natal services, mental health services, and other community support services for parents who are at a higher risk of abandoning their children considering of age, support, physical ability, mental illness, or poverty.[10] [39] [40]

History [edit]

Historically, many cultures good abandonment of infants, often chosen "baby exposure." Children were left on hillsides, in the wilderness, nigh churches, and in other public places. If taken up by others, the children might join some other family unit either equally slaves or as free family members. Roman societies in item chose slaves to heighten their children rather than family unit members, who were oft indifferent towards their children.[9] Although being found by others would permit children who were abandoned to oft survive, exposure is sometimes compared to infanticide—as described past Tertullian in his Amends: "it is certainly the more fell mode to kill... past exposure to cold and hunger and dogs." Despite the comparison, other sources report that infanticide and exposure were viewed every bit morally dissimilar in ancient times.[41]

In the Early on Heart Ages parents who did not desire to enhance their children gave them to monasteries along with a pocket-size fee, an act known equally oblation. In times of social stress monasteries often received big numbers of children. By the high Eye Ages oblation was less common and something that was more frequently arranged privately betwixt the monastery and the parents of the child. Sometimes medieval hospitals took care of abandoned children at the customs's expense, but some refused to do so on the grounds that existence willing to accept abandoned children would increase abandonment rates.[42] Medieval laws in Europe governing child abandonment, as for example the Visigothic Code, often prescribed that the person who had taken upwardly the child was entitled to the child's service equally a slave.[43] Conscripting or enslaving children into armies and labor pools often occurred as a event of war or pestilence when many children were left parentless. Abandoned children and then became the ward of the country, military organization, or religious group. When this practice happened en masse, information technology had the advantage of ensuring the strength and continuity of cultural and religious practices in medieval society.[44]

Early Modern Europe saw the rise of foundling homes and increased abandonment of children to these homes. These numbers connected to rise and peaked when v% of all births resulted in abandonment in French republic effectually 1830. The national reaction to this was to limit the resources provided by foundling homes and switch to foster homes instead such that fewer children would die inside overcrowded foundling homes during infancy. As access to contraception increased and economical weather improved in Europe towards the end of the 19th century the numbers of children existence abandoned declined.[9]

Abandonment increased towards the end of the 19th century, peculiarly in the United States. The largest migration of abandoned children in history took place in the United States between 1853 and 1929. Over ane hundred and twenty yard orphans (not all of whom were intentionally abandoned) were shipped westward on railroad cars, where families agreed to foster the children in commutation for their utilize every bit farmhands, household workers, etc.[45] Orphan trains were highly popular every bit a source of costless labor. The sheer size of the displacement every bit well as complications and exploitation that occurred gave rise to new agencies and a serial of laws that promoted adoption rather than indenture.[46] Past 1945, adoption was formulated as a legal act with consideration of the kid'due south all-time interests. The origin of the motility toward secrecy and the sealing of all adoption and nativity records began when Charles Loring Brace introduced the concept to preclude children from the orphan trains from returning to or beingness reclaimed by their parents.[47]

Notable gimmicky instances of child abandonment include homicidal neglect by confinement of infants or children such every bit in the thing of the Osaka kid abandonment case or the affair of two abandoned children in Calgary, Alberta, Canada by their female parent Rie Fujii.

Current situation [edit]

A modern Baby box or Baby hatch in the Czech Republic where a baby can be anonymously abandoned while ensuring that the child will be cared for.

Today, abandonment of a child is considered to be a serious crime in many jurisdictions because it can be considered malum in se (incorrect in itself) due to the direct harm to the child, and because of welfare concerns (in that the kid oftentimes becomes a ward of the state and in turn, a burden upon the public fisc). For example, in the U.S. state of Georgia, it is a misdemeanor to willfully and voluntarily abandon a child, and a felony to abandon 1's child and go out the country. In 1981, this distinction was upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court against a parent's argument that it denied parents the right to travel and thereby denied parents the equal protection of the laws.[48] 'Rehoming' is still legal in Arkansas where, in 2015, state legislator Justin Harris made national headlines by rehoming 2 young adopted children.[49]

Many jurisdictions accept exceptions to abandonment laws in the form of safe haven laws, which apply to babies left in designated places such as hospitals (see, for case, baby hatch).

In the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland abandoning a kid under the age of two years is a law-breaking.[50] In 2004 49 babies were abandoned nationwide with slightly more boys than girls existence abandoned.[50]

Abandonment is rife in Malaysia, where betwixt 2005 and 2011, 517 babies were dumped. Of those 517 children, 287 were institute expressionless. In 2012, in that location were 31 cases, including at to the lowest degree one case of a kid being tossed from a window of a loftier ascent apartment.[51]

Persons in cultures with poor social welfare systems who are not financially capable of taking intendance of a child are more than probable to carelessness them. Several American states are moving towards passing legislation to prevent rehoming of children post adoption. However, national legislation may exist needed to protect children from being rehomed in all states.[52]

Country programs for facilitating bearding kid abandonment [edit]

  • Anonymous Birthing allows significant mothers to give birth to their child without revealing their identity or claiming any ownership over or legal obligation to the child. Unlike countries wait varying lengths of time from 2–eight weeks before putting the child upward for adoption to allow mothers to return to the hospital and reclaim the child. Bearding birthing is most frequently implemented as measure to prevent neonaticide and has been successful in multiple countries.[x] Police in Republic of austria report a 57% drop in neonaticides after the state passed a police assuasive for anonymous birthing and complimentary delivery in 2001.[53] Anonymous birthing provides the opportunity for mothers to disclose relevant wellness history to later on be shared with the child and adoptive family, also as admission to hospital care to reduce adventure during nascency. In some states, France for example, mothers who choose bearding birthing undergo counselling and are informed of available back up structures to help them keep the child. Mothers who are seeking to anonymously abandon their child at birth may avoid anonymous birthing due to increased interaction with hospital staff and the possibility of undergoing counselling.
  • Baby boxes provide a safe and anonymous way to abandon children, typically newborns, rather than resorting to babe exposure or neonaticide. Baby boxes can be found in Republic of austria, Belgium, Czech republic, Frg, Hungary, Italy, Republic of latvia, Republic of lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, South korea, and the United states. Advantages of baby boxes include a greater degree of anonymity for parents abandoning their children and a guarantee that the child will be institute and attended to. However, children are sometimes placed in babe boxes with existing issue or injury and infant boxes are under-utilized and costly to operate. Information technology is as well debated if baby boxes are an accessible option for rural mothers who may non exist willing to travel to carelessness their children.[10]
  • Condom haven laws allow parents of a kid, typically a newborn child but age can vary, to abandon the child at a place of local authority such equally a hospital, fire station, or police station with no further question. Some states allow the parent to reclaim the child within a certain timeframe. Safe Haven Laws passed in the United States in 1999 and take since been adopted in Canada, Nippon, France, and Slovakia. It is debated if safe haven laws prevent child abandonment or neonaticide. As with babe boxes, i study suggests that mothers in rural areas are non willing to travel to carelessness their children and would not be willing to travel to a hospital to do so.[ten] As of 2017, 3,317 babies have been surrendered via safe haven laws in the United States.[54]

National laws and furnishings on kid abandonment [edit]

Prc's I Child Policy: In 1979 Prc introduced its i-child policy which prepare penalties for families that chose to have more ane child.[55] Women were compelled to undergo a surgical implantation of an IUD post-obit the birth of their kickoff child and tubal ligation if they were to have another child.[55] Families that disobeyed the police force were levied a fine and lost their right to many regime services, including access to wellness and educational services.[56] Notwithstanding, transgressions of the law almost certainly occurred.[56] Consequently, over the course of over iii decades, hundreds of thousands of children, the majority of which were girls, were abandoned and required caretaking.[56] Non-governmental organizations stepped in to assist with the re-housing of these girls, leading to the international adoption of over 120,000 Chinese children.[57] Today, People's republic of china'south fertility rate has not quite returned to the rate of replacement (the birth rate that will maintain population size under conditions of zero net clearing/emigration). In fact, in the years since the relinquishing of the policy, Mainland china'south fertility charge per unit has but risen .04 per family.[58]

Vietnam War: During and post-obit the Vietnam War, initiated by the Kennedy and Johnson administrations due to a fright of the spread of communism into southeastern Asia, it is estimated that roughly l,000 babies were born of American fathers and Vietnamese mothers.[59] A big contingent of these children were either unwanted to the circumstances of their formulation or unable to exist cared for due to the lack of available resources and assistance in the war-torn state.[56] Locally, these children were known as "children of the dust."[59] Operation Babylift was established by the US government in an effort to bring over iii,300 children, many but not all of whom were abandoned, orphaned, or mixed-race leading to fears of their exploitation, to Western countries to be adopted with varying degrees of success. Non-governmental organizations attempted to convalesce the problem by setting up international adoptions and other rehoming methods but were largely ineffective. To this day, attempts are beingness made to link American veterans to children that they may have fathered during their time in Vietnam besides equally children to their families in Vietnam.[59]

Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu: During the rule of Communist politician Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romania underwent drastic changes to its populace. Ceaușescu, in an attempt to form a robust and young population, outlawed methods of contraception and encouraged the creation of large families with many children.[56] Much like during the Fascist period of Italian history, incentives and cultural praise were offered to parents who produced many children.[sixty] Ceaușescu established Prescript 770 which outlawed abortion and contraception for all women, except those who were over 40, had already born iv–v children, had life-threatening complications during pregnancy, or who became pregnant through rape or incest.[lx] In the following years, Romania's birth rate nearly doubled.[61] All the same, due to a lack of resources necessary to care for the abundance of children, thousands were abandoned or left to dice. Other women resorted to unsafe forms of abortion carried out by people without medical training.[56] The trouble persisted until the insurrection that overthrew Ceaușescu in 1989. Following the coup, Romania's birthrate steadily declined for the following decades.[62] Today, the birth charge per unit has dropped to one.52 births per woman, under the rate of replacement.[62]

In literature [edit]

Foundlings, who may be orphans, can combine many advantages to a plot: mysterious antecedents, leading to plots to notice them; high birth and lowly upbringing. Foundlings have appeared in literature in some of the oldest known tales.[63] The most common reasons for abandoning children in literature are oracles that the kid will cause damage; the female parent's desire to muffle her illegitimate child, oft after rape past a god; or spite on the part of people other than the parents, such equally sisters and mothers-in-law in such fairy tales as The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple tree, and the Speaking Bird. In some chivalric romances, such as Le Fresne and the Swan-Children, in the variant Beatrix, some children of a multiple birth are abandoned after the heroine has taunted another adult female with a claim that such a birth is proof of infidelity and then suffered such a birth of her own.[64] Poverty commonly features every bit a crusade only with the case of older children, who tin survive on their own. Indeed, about such individuals are of royal or noble birth; their abandonment means they abound up in ignorance of their true social status.[65]

Abandonment [edit]

One of the earliest surviving examples of child abandonment in literature is that of Oedipus, who is left to dice as a baby in the hills by a herdsman ordered to impale the baby, but is found and grows upwardly to unwittingly ally his biological mother.

In a common variant on the abandonment and rediscovery of an infant, the biblical story of Moses describes how the Jewish infant is abandoned by his mother and gear up to float in the Nile in a reed basket, in hopes that he will be found and nurtured; equally planned, the child is discovered and adopted by the queen of Egypt, thus gaining a higher social condition and amend education, as well as a more powerful position than his birth family could have given him. A similar story is told of other heroes who somewhen learn most their truthful origins merely as adults, when they find they are able to save their original parents or family unit by wielding ability from their adoptive status, while making use of an pedagogy that sets them apart from their peers. The theme is also carried through in the instance of many modern superheroes, about famously Superman (come across Mod Media beneath). Mark Twain tweaks the traditional "upgrading" of the foundling's social status past having the child's twin, who is powerful by birth, feel the "downgrading " of his position in a switch planned by the two children, in "The Prince and the Pauper".

In many tales, such as Snow White, the child is actually abandoned by a servant who had been given orders to put the child to expiry. Other tales such as Hansel and Gretel has children reluctantly abandoned in the woods by their parents since they were no longer able to feed them.

Children are often abandoned with birth tokens, which act as plot devices to ensure that the child can be identified. This theme is a main element in Angelo F. Coniglio'southward historical fiction novella The Lady of the Bicycle, in which the title refers to a "receiver of foundlings" who were placed in a device called a "foundling bicycle", in the wall of a church or hospital.[66]

In Shakespeare's The Winter'south Tale, a recognition scene in the final act reveals by these that Perdita is a male monarch'due south girl rather than a shepherdess, and and so suitable for her prince lover.[67] Similarly, when the heroine of Le Fresne reveals the brocade and the ring she was abased with, her mother and sis recognize her; this makes her a suitable bride for the man whose mistress she had been.[68]

The children of Queen Blondine and of her sis, Princess Brunette, picked up by a Corsair afterwards seven days at bounding main; analogy past Walter Crane to the fairy tale Princess Belle-Etoile.

From Oedipus onward, Greek and Roman tales are filled with exposed children who escaped death to be reunited with their families—normally, equally in Longus' Daphnis and Chloe, more happily than in Oedipus' case. Grown children, having been taken up by strangers, were unremarkably recognized by tokens that had been left with the exposed baby: In Euripides's Ion, Creüsa is virtually to kill Ion, believing him to be her husband's illegitimate kid, when a priestess reveals the nascence-tokens that show that Ion is her own, abandoned infant.

This may reflect the widespread practice of child abandonment in their cultures. On the other hand, the motif is continued through literature where the practice is not widespread. William Shakespeare used the abandonment and discovery of Perdita in The Winter'southward Tale, as noted above, and Edmund Spenser reveals in the last Canto of Book six of The Faerie Queene that the graphic symbol Pastorella, raised by shepherds, is in fact of noble birth. Henry Fielding, in one of the showtime novels recognized as such, recounted The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. In the instance of Quasimodo, the eponymous character in Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre-Matriarch, the disfigured child is abandoned at the cathedral's foundling's bed, fabricated available for the leaving of unwanted infants. Ruth Benedict, in studying the Zuni, found that the practice of child abandonment was unknown, but featured heavily in their folktales.[69]

Notwithstanding, even cultures that do not do information technology may reverberate older community; in medieval literature, such equally Sir Degaré and Le Fresne, the child is abandoned immediately after birth, which may reflect pre-Christian practices, both Scandavian and Roman, that the newborn would not be raised without the father's decision to do and so.[70]

Upbringing [edit]

The strangers who take upwards the child are often shepherds or other herdsmen. This befell non only Oedipus, merely also Cyrus 2 of Persia, Amphion and Zethus and several of the characters listed above. Romulus and Remus were suckled past a wolf in the wilderness, but afterward, once more constitute by a shepherd. This ties this motif in with the genre of the pastoral. This can imply or outright state that the child benefits by this pure upbringing by unspoiled people, every bit opposed to the abuse that surrounded his birth family unit.

Ofttimes, the child is aided by animals before being found; Artemis sent a bear to nurse the abased Atalanta, and Paris was also nursed by a bear before beingness institute.[71] In some cases, the kid is depicted as beingness raised past animals; however, in actuality, feral children have proven to be incapable of speech.[72]

In adulthood [edit]

The pattern of a child remaining with its adoptive parents is less common than the contrary, simply it occurs. In the Indian ballsy Mahabharata, Karna is never reconciled with his mother, and dies in boxing with her legitimate son. In the Grimm fairy tale Foundling-Bird, Foundling Bird never learns of, least of all reunites with, his parents. George Eliot depicted the abandonment of the character Eppie in Silas Marner; despite learning her true father at the end of the book, she refuses to leave Silas Marner, who had actually reared her.

When the cause of the abandonment is a prophecy, the abandonment is normally instrumental in causing the prophecy to be fulfilled. Also Oedipus, Greek legends also included Telephus, who was prophesied to impale his uncle; his ignorance of his parentage, stemming from his abandonment, acquired his uncle to jeer at him and him to impale the uncle in anger.

Older children [edit]

When older children are abased in fairy tales, while poverty may be cited as a cause, equally in Hop o' My Thumb, as well called Thumbelina, the most common issue is when poverty is combined with a stepmother'south malice, as in Hansel and Gretel (or sometimes, a mother'due south malice). The stepmother's wishes may be the sole crusade, as in Male parent Frost. In these stories, the children seldom find adoptive parents, only malicious monsters, such as ogres and witches;[73] outwitting them, they discover treasure plenty to solve their poverty. The stepmother may die coincidentally, or be driven out past the father when he hears, so that the reunited family can live happily in her absenteeism.

In a grimmer variation, the tale Babes in the Wood features a wicked uncle in the function of the wicked stepmother, who gives an order for the children to exist killed. However, although the servants scruple to obey him, and the children are abandoned in the woods, the tale ends tragically: the children die, and their bodies are covered with leaves past robins.

In modern media [edit]

Foundlings still appear in modern literature; this is a partial list of examples:

  • In George Bernard Shaw'southward stage play Major Barbara, industrialist Andrew Undershaft, a foundling himself, intently searches for a foundling to assume the family concern.
  • Superman may be seen as a continuation of the foundling tradition, the solitary survivor of an advanced (but virtually-completely extinct) civilization who is found and raised by Kansas farmers in a pastoral setting, and afterward discovers his alien origins and uses his powers for proficient.[74]
  • Charlie Chaplin's movie The Kid revolves virtually the Tramp's efforts to raise an abandoned kid.
  • In the graphic novel Aqua Leung, the chief protagonist is a prince who is whisked out of a castle under assault in a basket-like device and and then found by a couple and raised on land so that his male parent'due south enemies exercise not find him. He returns to the seas to fulfill the prophecy idea to be his begetter's but that was actually his.
  • Elora Danan, in the film Willow, and Lir, in the novel The Last Unicorn, both keep the tradition of foundlings abandoned because of prophecies, and who fulfil the prophecies because of their abandonment.
  • In the last book of The Chronicles of Prydain, Dallben reveals to the hero Taran that he is a foundling; in a story set in the same world, "The Foundling," Dallben himself proves to exist a foundling besides.
  • The character Leela from Futurama was a foundling, given to the Ophanarium and a notation in an alien language to make people believe that she was an alien rather than a mutant; she would accept been forced, in the latter instance, to alive in the sewers with the other mutants.
  • Several foundlings appear in Terry Pratchett'due south Discworld: most notably Captain Carrot Ironfoundersson, who was institute, every bit a toddler, amidst the ruins of a caravan political party that had been attacked by bandits, and was and so surrounded by the bodies of the adults.
  • The character of Mozzie, from White Collar, is a foundling, left in a basket with simply a comport.
  • In some cartoons, wily characters may disguise themselves every bit foundlings. This may be accomplished by the character dressing equally a baby and lying in a bassinet or handbasket on a doorstep, perhaps with a notation calculation to the ruse. This was parodied in the 2006 moving-picture show Lilliputian Human being.
  • In The Flintstones, Bamm-Bamm was abandoned on the Rubbles's doorstep and eventually adopted by them.

See also [edit]

  • Abandoned kid syndrome
  • Abandonment (emotional)
  • Barrel children
  • Borderline personality disorder
  • Coin-operated-locker babies
  • Feral child
  • Lost boys (polygamy)
  • Myling
  • Projection Caress
  • Safe-haven police force
  • Street children
  • Unintended pregnancy
  • Baby hatch
  • Foundling hospital

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Further reading [edit]

  • Dorothy L. Sayers. Oedipus Simplex: Liberty and Fate in Folklore and Fiction [ ISBN missing ]

External links [edit]

  • John Boswell, "The kindness of strangers: the abandonment of children in Western Europe from late antiquity to the Renaissance", 1998, ISBN 0-226-06712-ii
  • "Full Story". the Namibian. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  • Angelo F. Coniglio'due south treatise on foundlings

kingliaboarpood.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abandonment

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